The impact of sentinel lymph node biopsy on the quality of life in patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma / Impacto da biópsia do linfonodo sentinela na qualidade de vida em pacientes com carcinoma espinocelular da cavidade oral

Abstract Introduction Sentinel lymph node biopsy is a proven method for staging the neck in patients with early oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma because it results in less comorbidity than the traditional method of selective neck dissection, with the same oncological results. However, the real effect of that method on the quality of life of such patients remains unknown. Objective The present study aimed to evaluate the quality of life of patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma T1/T2N0 submitted to sentinel lymph node biopsy compared to those that received selective neck dissection. Methods Cross-sectional study including 24 patients, after a 36 month follow-up, 15 of them submitted to the sentinel lymph node biopsy and 9 to selective neck dissection. All patients answered the University of Washington quality of life questionnaire. Results The evaluation of the questionnaires showed a late worsening of the domains appearance (p = 0.035) and chewing (p = 0.041), as well as a decrease of about 10% of general quality of life (p = 0.025) in patients undergoing selective neck dissection ​​in comparison to those undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy. Conclusion Patients with early-stage oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy presented better late results of general quality of life, mainly regarding appearance and chewing, when compared to patients submitted to selective neck dissection.

Resumo Introdução A biópsia de linfonodo sentinela é um método comprovado para estadiamento cervical em pacientes com carcinoma espinocelular inicial da cavidade oral, porque apresenta menor taxa de morbidade do que o método tradicional de esvaziamento cervical seletivo, com os mesmos resultados oncológicos. Porém, o verdadeiro efeito desse método na qualidade de vida desses pacientes permanece desconhecido. Objetivo Avaliar a qualidade de vida de pacientes com carcinoma espinocelular de cavidade oral T1/T2N0 submetidos a biópsia do linfonodo sentinela em comparação aos pacientes nos quais o esvaziamento cervical seletivo foi feito. Método Estudo transversal que incluiu 24 pacientes, após 36 meses de seguimento, dos quais 15 foram submetidos a biópsia do linfonodo sentinela e nove a esvaziamento cervical seletivo. Todos os pacientes responderam ao questionário de qualidade de vida da University of Washington. Resultados A avaliação dos questionários evidenciou pioria tardia dos domínios aparência (p = 0,035) e mastigação (p = 0,041), bem como diminuição de cerca de 10% da qualidade de vida geral (p = 0,025) nos pacientes submetidos a esvaziamento cervical seletivo em comparação com aqueles submetidos a biópsia do linfonodo sentinela. Conclusão Pacientes com carcinoma espinocelular de cavidade oral em estágio inicial submetidos a biópsia do linfonodo sentinela apresentaram melhores resultados tardios de qualidade de vida geral, principalmente quanto à aparência e à mastigação, quando comparados aos pacientes submetidos a esvaziamento cervical seletivo.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy for early squamous cell carcinoma of the lip and oral cavity: Real-world experience in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy and oncological results of sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with early lip and oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in a real-world scenario. METHODS: Retrospective study including seven Brazilian centers. RESULTS: Four-hundred and seven cN0 patients were accrued for 20 years. The rate of occult metastasis was 23.1% and 22 patients (5.4%) had regional failure. We found, for 5 years of follow-up, 85.3% of regional recurrence-free survival; 77.1% of disease-free survival; 73.7% of overall survival; and 86.7% of disease-specific survival. The rate of false-negative cases was 5.4%. CONCLUSION: In a real-world scenario, sentinel lymph node biopsy for patients with SCC of the lip and oral cavity proved feasible in different settings and to be oncologically safe, with similar rates of occult lymph node metastasis and false-negative cases, when compared to elective neck dissection, and with similar long-term survival to that reported historically.

The impact of sentinel lymph node biopsy on the quality of life in patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: Sentinel lymph node biopsy is a proven method for staging the neck in patients with early oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma because it results in less comorbidity than the traditional method of selective neck dissection, with the same oncological results. However, the real effect of that method on the quality of life of such patients remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to evaluate the quality of life of patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma T1/T2N0 submitted to sentinel lymph node biopsy compared to those that received selective neck dissection. METHODS: Cross-sectional study including 24 patients, after a 36 month follow-up, 15 of them submitted to the sentinel lymph node biopsy and 9 to selective neck dissection. All patients answered the University of Washington quality of life questionnaire. RESULTS: The evaluation of the questionnaires showed a late worsening of the domains appearance (p=0.035) and chewing (p=0.041), as well as a decrease of about 10% of general quality of life (p=0.025) in patients undergoing selective neck dissection ​​in comparison to those undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy. CONCLUSION: Patients with early-stage oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy presented better late results of general quality of life, mainly regarding appearance and chewing, when compared to patients submitted to selective neck dissection.

Risk factors for salvage surgery failure in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Locoregional recurrences of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) may be diagnosed during follow-up of surgically treated patients. Nevertheless, few studies have investigated factors that impact salvage surgery failure and the mortality rates of these patients. The objectives were to identify predictive factors of salvage surgery failure and mortality in patients who undergo surgical treatment for recurrent oral cavity SCC and to compare the overall survival rates of these patients with those of patients who undergo only one surgical treatment. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: Forty-six patients submitted to salvage surgery for local or locoregional recurrence. RESULTS: The presence of lymph node metastasis and positive surgical margins at the salvage surgery time were the only independent factors associated with both recurrence rates (hazard ratio [HR]: 5.04 and 2.82, respectively) and mortality (HR: 3.51 and 3.24, respectively). When the overall survival rates of the 199 patients who only underwent one surgical treatment were compared to those of the 46 patients subjected to salvage surgery, a similarity was evident when patients who underwent salvage surgery did not have a new disease recurrence (70.7% vs. 54.7%, respectively; P = .158). Likewise, patients with new recurrences after salvage surgery and patients who received palliative treatment for relapsed disease had similar overall survival rates (0.6% vs. 0.0%, respectively; P = .475). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of lymph node metastasis at the time of recurrence and positive surgical margins after the salvage surgery were associated with a worse overall survival rate in patients with oral cavity SCC relapse. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2b. Laryngoscope, 128:1113-1119, 2018.

Tumor volume as an independent predictive factor of worse survival in patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of tumor volume in the prognosis of patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). METHODS: One hundred twenty-three patients with T4a oral cavity SCCs underwent surgical treatment. The volumes of the primary cancer were calculated by the multiplication of 3 macroscopic dimensions of the surgical specimen and related to recurrence and death. RESULTS: There were 54 recurrences (43.9%) and 75 deaths (60.9%). The mean tumor volume among the patients living without disease during the follow-up period was 28.2 cc, compared to 88.2 cc for patients living with disease, and to 78.9 cc for patients who died of the disease (p < .001). Multivariate analyses showed that volume and perineural invasion were independent factors for recurrence, whereas volume and lymph node metastasis were independent factors for death. CONCLUSION: Among patients who already have advanced cancers, tumor volume can significantly impact their prognoses. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 960-964, 2017.

Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: factors related to occult lymph node metastasis / Carcinoma espinocelular da cavidade oral: fatores relacionados à presença de metástases linfonodais ocultas

INTRODUCTION: Elective neck dissection is recommended in cases of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma without lymph node metastasis because of the risk of occult metastasis. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to evaluate predictive factors for occult lymph node metastasis in patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma treated with elective neck dissection and their impact on overall and disease-free survival. METHODS: Forty surgically treated patients were retrospectively included. RESULTS: Ten cases (25%) had lymphatic metastasis. Of the studied variables, perineural and angiolymphatic invasion in addition to tumor thickness were statistically associated with lymph node metastasis. Only angiolymphatic invasion was identified as an independent risk factor for occult metastasis in the logistic regression (OR = 39.3; p = 0.002). There was no association between overall and disease-free survival with the presence of occult lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSION: Metastatic disease rate was similar to that found in the literature. Perineural and angiolymphatic invasion and tumor thickness were associated with occult metastasis, but only angiolymphatic invasion showed to be an independent risk factor .

INTRODUÇÃO: O esvaziamento cervical eletivo é realizado de maneira sistemática nos casos de carcinoma espinocelular da cavidade oral sem linfonodos clinicamente comprometidos devido à alta incidência de metástases ocultas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar pacientes com carcinoma espinocelular de cavidade oral tratados com esvaziamento cervical eletivo quanto a fatores preditivos para ocorrência de metástases ocultas e o impacto das mesmas na sobrevivência global e livre de progressão destes pacientes. MÉTODO: Quarenta pacientes cirurgicamente tratados foram avaliados em estudo retrospectivo. RESULTADOS: Dez casos (25%) apresentaram metástases ocultas. Das variáveis analisadas, invasão perineural e angiolinfática e também a espessura tumoral foram estatisticamente significantes à análise univariada. Apenas a invasão angiolinfática foi fator independente de risco de metástases ocultas pela regressão logística (OR = 39,3; p = 0,002). A presença de metástase oculta não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante em relação às taxas de sobrevivência global e livre de progressão. CONCLUSÃO: A incidência de metástase oculta foi semelhante à literatura. A invasão perineural, angiolinfática e a espessura tumoral foram fatores associados à presença de metástase oculta, porém apenas a invasão angiolinfática apresentou-se como um fator de risco independente para ocorrência do fenômeno. .

Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: factors related to occult lymph node metastasis.

INTRODUCTION: Elective neck dissection is recommended in cases of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma without lymph node metastasis because of the risk of occult metastasis. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to evaluate predictive factors for occult lymph node metastasis in patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma treated with elective neck dissection and their impact on overall and disease-free survival. METHODS: Forty surgically treated patients were retrospectively included. RESULTS: Ten cases (25%) had lymphatic metastasis. Of the studied variables, perineural and angiolymphatic invasion in addition to tumor thickness were statistically associated with lymph node metastasis. Only angiolymphatic invasion was identified as an independent risk factor for occult metastasis in the logistic regression (OR=39.3; p=0.002). There was no association between overall and disease-free survival with the presence of occult lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSION: Metastatic disease rate was similar to that found in the literature. Perineural and angiolymphatic invasion and tumor thickness were associated with occult metastasis, but only angiolymphatic invasion showed to be an independent risk factor.

Tumor thickness as a predictive factor of lymph node metastasis and disease recurrence in T1N0 and T2N0 squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to compare the thickness of primary tumors with the frequency of nodal metastases and survival in patients surgically treated for T1/T2N0 oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective longitudinal study with 74 patients. RESULTS: None of the patients with a tumor thickness (TT) ≤ 7 mm presented with nodal metastasis, whereas 25 of the patients with a TT > 7 mm (51.0%) developed metastases (P < .0001). Multivariate analysis showed that TT > 7 mm was a risk factor for occult nodal metastasis (odds ratio = 8.7; P = .002) with 81.9% accuracy. TT > 10 mm was also a predictive factor of worse disease-free survival in these patients (hazard ratio = 12.2; P = .003). CONCLUSIONS: Tumor thickness of greater than 7 mm is predictive of a higher incidence of lymph node metastasis, and a TT > 10 mm is predictive of worse disease-free survival in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue.

Metástase de carcinoma folicular da tireoide em portador de doença de Paget óssea: relato de caso / Metastasis of follicular thyroid carcinoma in bearer Paget´s disease of bone: case report

Introdução: o carcinoma folicular da tireoide pode evoluir com metástases a distância em até 30% dos casos. A doença de Paget óssea - ou osteíte deformante, por sua vez, caracteriza-se por alterações na estrutura óssea com possibilidade, inclusive, de desenvolvimento neoplásico associado. Objetivo: relatar a associação de metástase óssea de carcinoma folicular da tireoide em portador de doença de Paget óssea com alterações prévias no sítio metastático. Relato de caso: homem de 87 anos, portador de doença de Paget óssea, evoluiu com intensificação da dor em pelve com aumento de volume local. Exames de imagem demonstraram tumor com biópsia sugestiva de carcinoma tireóideo metastático. Diagnosticado, então, nódulo em glândula tireoide, com 1,7 cm, e com confirmação de carcinoma folicular após tireoidectomia total (estágio pT1pN0). O paciente foi submetido a radioiodoterapia e radioterapia externa com persistência neoplásica. Encontrase vivo, passados 41 meses da tireoidectomia. Conclusão: o carcinoma folicular da tireoide, mesmo como neoplasia bem diferenciada, não deve ser subestimado especialmente em indivíduos com idade avançada. A concomitância de doença de Paget óssea com lesões metastáticas é rara, mas não deve ser descartada e seu diagnóstico dependerá de biópsias incisionais.

Introduction: Follicular thyroid carcinoma may evolve with distant metastases in 30% of cases. Paget’s disease of bone (osteitis deformans), in turn, is characterized by changes in bone structure with the possibility of tumor development association. Objective: To report the association of bone metastasis of follicular thyroid carcinoma in a patient with Paget’s disease with previous changes in bone metastatic site. Case report: An 87 years old man, with Paget’s disease of bone, developed increased pain in the pelvis with local volume increase. Imaging studies demonstrated a tumor with biopsy suggestive of metastatic thyroid carcinoma. It was diagnosed, then, a nodule in the thyroid gland, with 1.7 cm, and with confirmation of follicular carcinoma after total thyroidectomy (stage pT1pN0). The patient underwent radioiodine and external radiotherapy with persistence neoplastic. He is alive 41 months after thyroidectomy. Conclusion: follicular thyroid carcinoma, even as well-differentiated tumor, should not be underestimated especially in individuals with advanced age. Concomitant Paget’s disease of bone with metastatic lesions is rare, but should not be discarded and its diagnosis depends on biopsy specimen.

Espessura tumoral como fator de risco independente para a recorrência precoce em portadores de carcinomas espinocelulares da cavidade oral / Tumor thickness as an independent risk factor of early recurrence in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma

Introdução: A espessura tumoral é reconhecidamente um fator de risco para a presença de metástases ocultas e para menor sobrevivência em carcinoma espinocelular da cavidade oral, porém o tratamento adjuvante desses pacientes não foi alterado. O intervalo livre de doença é outro fator associado a pior prognóstico, e é sabido que as recorrências precoces também diminuem a sobrevivência desses pacientes. Objetivo: Determinar se a espessura tumoral é um fator de risco para recorrências precoces em portadores de carcinomas espinocelulars de cavidade oral operados. Pacientes e Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo conduzido no Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP) com 57 pacientes portadores de carcinomas espinocelulars de boca, exceto lábios, e virgens de tratamento prévio. Analisou-se o desenvolvimento de recorrência de doença (locorregional ou a distância) nos primeiros 12 meses após o tratamento inicial. Os aspectos histopatológicos dos espécimes foram analisados. Resultados: Espessura tumoral maior do que 10 mm (p=0,034), invasão angiolinfática (p=0,001), invasão perineural (p=0,041) e metástases linfonodais cervicais (p=0,021) apresentaram associação com menor sobrevivência livre de doença no primeiro ano após o tratamento (teste de LogRank). À análise multivariada, a espessura tumoral maior que 10 mm foi identificada como um fator de risco independente de progressão inicial da doença. A radioterapia pós-operatória pareceu representar um fator protetor contra a progressão inicial dos tumores com espessura superior a 10 mm. Conclusão: A espessura tumoral superiores a 10 mm representa um fator de risco independente para a progressão precoce do carcinoma espinocelular de cavidade oral cirurgicamente tratado. Terapias adjuvantes, especialmente a radioterapia, devem ser consideradas, a despeito da coexistência de outros fatores histológicos de risco bem estabelecidos.

Introduction: Tumor thickness has been recognized as a risky factor for occult regional metastasis and survival in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Nevertheless, the adjuvant treatment of these neoplasms did not change regarding the thickness of the tumor. Disease-free interval is another factor associated with prognosis in head and neck cancer, and, it is known that early recurrences adversely affect survival. Objective: To determine if tumor thickness is a risk factor related to the development of early recurrences in surgically treated oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Methods: Retrospective cohort study conducted at Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP). Results: Fifty-seven patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (excluding lip tumors and patients previously submitted to any treatment) were analyzed regarding the occurrence of an early disease progression (locoregional or distant metastasis) within the first 12 months after initial treatment. Tumor thickness and other histological characteristics related to the development of recurrence up to one year after treatment were tested. Results demonstrated that tumor thickness greater than 10 mm (P=0.034), as well as angiolymphatic invasion (P=0.001), perineural invasion (P=0.041) and lymph node metastasis (P=0.021) were associated with a worse 12-month disease-free survival (Log-Rank test). In multivariate analysis, tumor thickness greater than 10 mm emerged as an independent risk factor for early recurrence in oral cavity tumors (HR=3.4, CI95%: 1.005-11.690; P=0.049 - Cox regression). Post-operative radiotherapy seems to be a protective factor for early recurrences in patients with tumor thickness greater than 10 mm (P=0.017 - Log-Rank test; HR=0.32, CI95%: 0.12-0.87, P=0.026 - Cox regression). Conclusion: The results of the present research suggest that tumor thickness greater than 10 mm may be an independent adverse factor for early progression of surgically treated oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Adjuvant therapies, in particular post-operative radiotherapy, should be advocated in this group of patients, regardless of the co-existence of other well described histological risk factors.

Tumor thickness as an independent risk factor of early recurrence in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.

The aim is to determine if tumor thickness is a risk factor related to the development of early recurrences in surgically treated oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Retrospective cohort study conducted at Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP). Fifty-seven patients with oral cavity SCC (excluding lip tumors and patients previously submitted to any treatment) were analyzed regarding the occurrence of an early disease progression (locoregional or distant metastasis) within the first 12 months after initial treatment. Tumor thickness and other histological characteristics related to the development of recurrence up to 1 year after treatment were tested. Results demonstrated that tumor thickness greater than 10 mm (P = 0.034), as well as angiolymphatic invasion (P = 0.001), perineural invasion (P = 0.041) and lymph-node metastasis (P = 0.021) was associated with a worse 12-month disease-free survival (Log-Rank test). In multivariate analysis, tumor thickness greater than 10 mm emerged as an independent risk factor for early recurrence in oral cavity tumors (HR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.005-11.690; P = 0.049--Cox regression). Post-operative radiotherapy seems to be a protective factor for early recurrences in patients with tumor thickness greater than 10 mm (P = 0.017--Log-Rank test; HR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.12-0.87, P = 0.026--Cox regression). The results of the present research suggest that tumor thickness greater than 10 mm may be an independent adverse factor for early progression of surgically treated oral cavity SCC. Adjuvant therapies, in particular post-operative radiotherapy, should be advocated in this group of patients, regardless of the co-existence of other well-described histological risk factors.

Associação entre tireoidite de Hashimoto e as várias formas de apresentação do carcinoma bem diferenciado da tireoide / The relationship between Hashimoto's thyroiditis and the several forms of presentation of well differentiated thyroid carcinoma

Introdução: A associação entre tireoidite de Hashimoto (TH) ecarcinoma bem diferenciado da tireoide (CDT) tem sido discutidana literatura desde 1955, quando Dailey at al. demonstroupossível relação entre as duas doenças. Os tumores malignosda glândula tireoide representam mais de 90% dos cânceresendócrinos e possuem poucos fatores de risco bem definidos. ATH é a principal causa de hipotireoidismo em regiões que nãoapresentam deficiência de iodo. Esse distúrbio apresenta relaçãocom linfoma primário da tireoide e pode determinar alteraçõesmoleculares que também estão presentes em graus variáveis nocarcinoma de tireoide. Objetivo: Este estudo tem como objetivoavaliar a associação entre Tireoidite de Hashimoto e as diferentesformas de apresentação do carcinoma bem diferenciado datireoide. Método: Desenvolveu-se um estudo com 370 pacientessubmetidos à tireoidectomia total para carcinoma bem diferenciadoda tireoide entre 2000 e 2008. Foram analisadas diferentes formasde apresentação do carcinoma bem diferenciado e sua relaçãocom a presença ou ausência de tireoidite de Hashimoto, baseadonos exames anatomopatológicos. Resultados: O estudo mostrouuma associação entre a TH e o carcinoma papilífero clássico de31,6%, com microcarcinomas essa relação foi de 52,8% e coma variante multicêntrica chegou a 70,3% (p < 0,0001 - teste quiquadrado).O carcinoma folicular está associado com a ausênciade tireoidite de Hashimoto (p=0,003 - teste exato de Fisher).Conclusão: A associação entre as duas doenças mostrou maiorforça na variante multicêntrica do carcinoma papilífero, sugerindouma relação, não apenas casual, mas de causa e efeito entre adoença de Hashimoto e o desenvolvimento do carcinoma bemdiferenciado da tireoide.

Schwanoma de palato duro - relato de caso / Hard palate schwannoma - case report

Introdução: Tumores neurogênicos constituem uma porcentagemmuito baixa entre das neoplasias de cabeça e pescoço. Dentreos schwanomas extracranianos, aproximadamente 25% a45% ocorrem nessa topografia, sendo a localização maiscomum a região lateral do pescoço. A incidência é baixa naregião oromaxilofacial, sendo 1% de origem intra-oral. Entreesses últimos, a língua e o soalho da boca são os sítios maiscomumente afetados e, menos frequentemente, o palatoduro. Quando acomete esse sítio, um diagnóstico diferencialimportante são os tumores de glândulas salivares menores, muitomais frequentes nessa localização. Objetivos: Descrever umcaso de schwanoma intra-oral, mais especificamente localizadono palato duro, e discutir o diagnóstico e tratamento desta lesãorara. Relato do caso: Relata-se um caso de um schawanoma depalato duro tratado em nosso serviço cuja suspeita diagnósticainicial era de tumor de glândula salivar. Os aspectos histológicose achados imuno-histoquímicos são apresentados e discutidos àluz da literatura consultada. Considerações finais: Descreve-seum caso raro de schwanoma intra-oral localizado no palato duro.Dada a maior prevalência de tumores de glândulas salivaresnesta topografia, o exame imuno-histoquímico é essencial paraum diagnóstico preciso permitindo um tratamento adequadodessa doença.

Carcinoma medular da tireoide: Evolução com evidências clínicas da doença e tentativa de determinação de seus preditores / Medullary thyroid carcinoma: Evolution with macroscopic evidence of the disease and attempt to determine its predictors

Introdução: Pacientes não curados após o tratamento docarcinoma medular da tireoide podem evoluir com doençasomente bioquímica (títulos séricos elevados de calcitonina)ou com evidências anatômicas do tumor. Maior possibilidadede óbito pela doença está entre aqueles com tais evidênciasanatômicas. Objetivo: Tentou-se identificar variáveis clínicas eanatomopatológicas que pudessem predizer o tipo de evolução dopaciente não curado. Método: Foram estudados trinta pacientesque evoluíram com doença ativa após tratamento cirúrgicopara carcinoma medular da tireoide. Doze evoluíram comevidências anatômicas e, 18, somente com doença bioquímica(88,5 meses de seguimento médio). Estudo retrospectivo porrevisão de prontuários médicos. Significância estatística sep < 0,05. Resultados: Nenhuma variável estudada (idade, sexo,exame físico inicial, sintomas sistêmicos, extensão e diâmetrotumorais, estágio TNM, metástases linfonodais, forma clínica,calcitonina sérica e persistência ou recidiva) foi correlacionadacom significância estatística à forma de evolução clínica, inclusivevariável (metástase linfonodal) associada ao prognóstico emestudo multivariado prévio. Conclusão: Estudos complementaresdeverão amparar a observação inicial.

Acesso transoral-cervical para tratamento cirúrgico de tumores localmente avançados da orofaringe (?operação tipo pull-through?): técnica cirúrgica e experiência inicial com quatro casos / The transoral-transcervical approach for surgical treatment of selected locally advanced oropharyngeal tumors (the pull-through oropharyngectomy): surgical technique and initial experience with four cases

Introdução: Sem o acesso à tecnologia robótica (TORS), a qualainda não está disponível de maneira disseminada, é difícil realizara ressecção oncologicamente segura de lesões avançadas daorofaringe com a manutenção da integridade do arco mandibular.Assim, os acessos transmandibulares, com mandibulotomia emandibulectomia, permanecem como opções válidas para ressecçãodesses tumores. Em duas publicações recentes, foi retomado o usode um acesso combinado transoral-transcervical descrito em 1998,que possibilita a manutenção da integridade mandibular durante asressecções da orofaringe. A descrição deste acesso, assim como aapresentação de nossa experiência inicial com a técnica, motivou arealização do presente estudo. Delineamento: Estudo prospectivo.Método: Foram incluídos inicialmente quatro pacientes portadoresde carcinoma epidermoide da orofaringe localmente avançados(T3 e T4a), sendo três da loja tonsilar e um da base da língua,passíveis de serem operados conforme a técnica a seguir descrita.Técnica cirúrgica: após realização de esvaziamento cervical, otumor é incialmente acessado por via transoral, sendo realizadaa ressecção de suas porções superior, medial e lateral. Estecorresponde ao tempo oral da ressecção que pode ser realizada ounão com o auxílio de cheek flap inferior. No tempo cervical, realizaseo acesso aos espaços parafaríngeo e mastigatório após secçãodo ventre posterior do músculo digástrico e músculo estilohióideo.O músculo pterigóideo medial é desinserido do ângulo interno damandíbula. A artéria carótida interna e o nervo hipoglosso sãodissecados, a fim de permitir sua visualização durante a ressecçãodo tumor. Após estas manobras, é possível o deslocamento doproduto da ressecção transoral para o pescoço, realizando, comsegurança o término da ressecção através de um pull-throughlateral. O fechamento dá-se por sutura primária ou, rotação deretalhos locais ou regionais conforme o defeito. Resultados:Todas as lesões foram ressecadas com margens cirúrgicassatisfatórias comprovadas por anatomopatológico. Nenhumpaciente apresentou complicações maiores. Todos os pacientesforam decanulados precocemente e foram capazes de se alimentarexclusivamente por via oral em menos de 2 meses após a cirurgia.Conclusão: O acesso ?tipo pull-though? é uma alternativa válida para ressecção de tumores avançados selecionados da orofaringe,particularmente os localizados na loja tonsilar e base de língua.Em virtude das dificuldades de acesso à tecnologia robótica emnosso meio, esta técnica mostra-se promissora para o tratamentocirúrgico destas lesões, sem as complicações associadas aosacessos transmandibulares.

Tratamento cirúrgico do carcinoma epidermoide da cavidade oral e orofaringe no Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP): perfil dos pacientes tratados e resultados oncológicos iniciais / Surgical treatment of oral cavity and oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma at São Paulo State Cancer Institute (ICESP): profile of treated patients and initial oncological results

Introdução: As neoplasias malignas da cavidade oral e daorofaringe constituem uma parcela significativa dos tumoresda cabeça e pescoço. Em uma instituição oncológica terciáriaé mister avaliar o perfil dos pacientes tratados a fim de traçarestratégias terapêuticas e definir linhas de pesquisa científica.Objetivo: Determinar o perfil dos pacientes submetidos atratamento cirúrgico por carcinoma epidermoide de cavidadeoral e orofaringe no Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo(ICESP), e os resultados oncológicos iniciais deste tratamento.Casuística e Método: Prontuários eletrônicos dos pacientesoperados no Serviço de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço do ICESPcom diagnóstico de câncer de cavidade oral (incluindo lábio)e orofaringe no período de abril de 2009 a dezembro de 2010(primeiros 20 meses de atividade do serviço). Foram analisadosretrospectivamente nesses prontuários dados demográficos,histopatológicos e tratamentos adjuvantes e prévios dessespacientes. Determinaram-se também as curvas de sobrevidaglobal, específica e livre de progressão de doença em um períodoinicial de seguimento. Resultados: Foram obtidos 66 casospassíveis de análise. Os sítios mais frequentes do tumor primárioforam língua oral, soalho da boca e loja tonsilar, os quais somadoscorresponderam a 57,5% dos casos. A maioria dos pacientes(83,3%) era virgem de tratamento, sendo o restante, cirurgias deresgate. A maioria dos pacientes foi classificada como estadio IIIe IV (77,8%). Observou-se invasão perineural e angiolinfática em62,3% e 29,5% dos casos, respectivamente. A espessura dostumores primários variou de 0,04cm até 6,8cm, com espessuramédia de 2,18 ± 1,54 cm. Dos 56 casos submetidos a algum tipode esvaziamento cervical, 38 casos foram pN+ (67,9%) com 1 até50 linfonodos comprometidos. Em 37 casos foi possível avaliarextensão extracapsular nos linfonodos metastáticos, a qual ocorreu em 17 pacientes (45,9%). Após a cirurgia, 59,1% dos pacientesforam submetidos à radioterapia e 37,9% à quimioterapia. Emum tempo de seguimento médio de 15 ± 7 meses, não houveperda de seguimento e as sobrevidas global, específica e livrede progressão de doença acumuladas em 30 meses foram,respectivamente, 54,2%, 59,1% e 52%. Aproximadamente93% das recidivas ocorreram nos primeiros 12 meses póstratamentocirúrgico. Conclusão: O perfil dos pacientes tratadoscirurgicamente por câncer de boca e orofaringe nos primeiros 20meses de atividade do Serviço de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoçodo ICESP revela um número expressivo de casos avançados(estadios III e IV) com características anatomopatológicas de mauprognóstico, o que implica nos resultados oncológicos pobresobservados em um período inicial de seguimento.

Enhanced morbidity of pectoralis major myocutaneous flap used for salvage after previously failed oncological treatment and unsuccessful reconstructive head and neck surgery.

INTRODUCTION: The reconstruction of complex cervicofacial defects arising from surgical treatment for cancer is a real challenge for head and neck surgeons, especially in salvage reconstruction surgery and/or failed previous reconstruction. The pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (PMMF) has been widely used in these specific situations due to its reliability and low rate of failure or complications. OBJECTIVES: Identify factors that determine complications and influence the final outcome of the reconstructions with PMMF in salvage cancer surgery or in salvage reconstruction. METHODS: A cross-sectional study design was used to evaluate a sample including 17 surgical patients treated over a period of ten years that met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Reconstruction was successful in 13 cases (76.5%), with two cases of partial flap loss and no case of total loss. Complications occurred in 13 cases (76.5%) and were specifically related to the flap in nine instances (52.9%). An association was identified between the development of major complications and reconstruction of the hypopharynx (P = 0.013) as well as in patients submitted to surgery in association with radiation therapy as a previous cancer treatment (P = 0.002). The former condition is also associated with major reconstruction failure (P = 0.018). An even lower incidence of major complications was noted in patients under the age of 53 (P = 0.044). CONCLUSION: Older patients, with hypopharyngeal defects and submitted to previous surgery plus radiation therapy, presented a higher risk of complications and reconstruction failure with PMMF.

A case of congenital fistula from an accessory parotid gland: diagnosis and treatment.

The author reports a case of congenital fistula from an accessory parotid gland and describes its diagnosis and treatment. The patient was referred to the author's clinic for evaluation of a continuous serous discharge from a small orifice in the left cheek near the angle of the mouth. A left preauricular appendix was also noted. Fistulography detected an aberrant duct leading to an accessory parotid gland. The main parotid gland and its duct were normal. The anomalous duct was dissected in continuity with a small ellipse of skin and sutured to the buccal mucosa. The patient's recovery was uneventful. The author also discusses the embryologic origin of this rare anomaly.

Tobacco and alcohol use after head and neck cancer treatment: influence of the type of oncological treatment employed.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the cigarette smoking and alcohol intake maintenance rate in patients treated for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and to compare the observed outcome with the type of oncological treatment employed. METHODS: One hundred and ten patients treated for high aero-digestive tract squamous cell carcinoma were included and divided into a surgical group, treated with a surgery, and a medical group, treated with chemotherapy and/or radiation. The patients were interviewed to determine whether or not they had persisted with the smoking and drinking behavior after treatment. The habit maintenance rate was compared with the treatment modality employed. The relationship between the oncological status of the patients and the cigarette smoking and alcohol intake rates found was also tested. RESULTS: Among smokers, 35% maintained the habit after treatment. The medical group had a significantly higher percentage of patients maintaining smoking compared with the surgical group (58.3% vs 25.0%; p = 0.004). Among alcohol users, 16.6% kept drinking alcoholic beverages, with a percentage also shown higher for the medical group (23.8% vs 13,3%), but with no statistically significant difference. The oncological status of patients was not related to the maintenance of the habits studied. CONCLUSION: Smoking and alcoholism maintenance rates are high after head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is treated, especially if we consider smoking in patients treated with chemotherapy and/or radiation. A more effective multidisciplinary approach is required in order to obtain better rates of tobacco and alcohol quitting, especially in patients undergoing non-surgical treatments.

Manutenção do tabagismo e etilismo em pacientes tratados por câncer de cabeça e pescoço: influência do tipo de tratamento oncológico empregado / Tobacco and alcohol use after head and neck cancer treatment: influence of the type of oncological treatment employed

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a taxa de manutenção do tabagismo e etilismo em pacientes tratados por carcinoma epidermoide da cabeça e pescoço e comparar o resultado observado com a modalidade do tratamento oncológico empregado. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos 110 pacientes tratados por carcinoma epidermoide das vias aereodigestivas altas, divididos em grupo cirúrgico, tratado com cirurgia, e grupo clínico, tratado com quimioterapia e/ou radioterapia. Os pacientes foram entrevistados a fim de determinar se houve manutenção dos hábitos após o tratamento. Comparou-se a taxa de manutenção dos hábitos com a modalidade de tratamento empregada. Testou-se também a relação entre o status oncológico dos pacientes com as taxas de tabagismo e etilismo encontradas. RESULTADOS: Entre os tabagistas, 35 por cento mantiveram este hábito após o tratamento. No grupo clínico, houve um percentual significativamente maior de pacientes que mantiveram o tabagismo com relação ao grupo cirúrgico (58,3 por cento x 25 por cento; p = 0,004). Entre os etilistas, 16,6 por cento continuaram a ingerir bebidas alcoólicas, percentagem que também se mostrou maior no grupo clínico (23,8 por cento x 13,3 por cento), porém sem diferença estatisticamente significativa. O status oncológico dos pacientes não apresentou relação com a manutenção dos hábitos estudados. CONCLUSÃO: São altas as taxas de manutenção de tabagismo e etilismo após o tratamento do carcinoma epidermoide de cabeça e pescoço, especialmente se considerarmos o tabagismo nos pacientes tratados com quimioterapia e/ou radioterapia. Uma abordagem multidisciplinar mais efetiva é necessária com vista a obter melhores taxas de abandono do tabaco e do álcool, especialmente no grupo de pacientes submetidos a tratamentos não cirúrgicos.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the cigarette smoking and alcohol intake maintenance rate in patients treated for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and to compare the observed outcome with the type of oncological treatment employed. METHODS: One hundred and ten patients treated for high aero-digestive tract squamous cell carcinoma were included and divided into a surgical group, treated with a surgery, and a medical group, treated with chemotherapy and/or radiation. The patients were interviewed to determine whether or not they had persisted with the smoking and drinking behavior after treatment. The habit maintenance rate was compared with the treatment modality employed. The relationship between the oncological status of the patients and the cigarette smoking and alcohol intake rates found was also tested. RESULTS: Among smokers, 35 percent maintained the habit after treatment. The medical group had a significantly higher percentage of patients maintaining smoking compared with the surgical group (58.3 percent vs 25.0 percent; p = 0.004). Among alcohol users, 16.6 percent kept drinking alcoholic beverages, with a percentage also shown higher for the medical group (23.8 percent vs 13,3 percent), but with no statistically significant difference. The oncological status of patients was not related to the maintenance of the habits studied. CONCLUSION: Smoking and alcoholism maintenance rates are high after head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is treated, especially if we consider smoking in patients treated with chemotherapy and/or radiation. A more effective multidisciplinary approach is required in order to obtain better rates of tobacco and alcohol quitting, especially in patients undergoing non-surgical treatments.